Spanish in the Classroom

Spanish in the Classroom Free Online Research Papers Benton Middle School is located in Los Angeles where the majority of the population is Latino, consisting of 1,871 students. Of the 1,397 students in the school, 1,415 students are Latino which makes up 76% of the population. I observed a sixth grade class with thirty-one students. Thirteen of which were Latino students. Students in this class are considered to be â€Å"sheltered† learners. During my first week of observations on October 11, 2006, I noticed students used Spanish when communicating with Ms. Mendez. As students settled in their seats for morning announcements, Kimberly said, â€Å"Ayer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I was not able to follow what Kimberly was saying due to my inability to understand Spanish). Ms. Mendez replied, â€Å"Good! But we can’t talk about that right now OK? We have a lot to do today.† In this case, Kimberly started a conversation in Spanish with Ms. Mendez and Ms. Mendez replied in English. On the same day, students were learning a lesson on â€Å"shadows†. While students worked on their individual worksheets, Ernesto raised his hands and got Ms. Mendez’s attention. Ernesto asked, â€Å"Como se hace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ms. Mendez replied, â€Å"You have to color the picture that you think is a shadow.† Again, Ms. Mendez used English to explain to Ernesto what he has to do. Even though Ms. Mendez responds in a different language than that of Kimberly and Ernesto, they show no surprise or reaction to Ms. Mendez’s uses of English. Both Kimberly and Ernesto continue their work as if a normal conversation has just occurred. As students were working their assignments, Ms. Mendez writes cards that she sends home to her students’ parents. Each week, she picks out one student to send a card home. This serves the purpose of connecting to the parents of students and also connecting to students’ lives outside of the classroom. In my observations, I discovered that it is extremely difficult to categorize a person as someone who conforms to cultural reproduction or someone who does not do this. It is difficult to suggest whether someone is authentically caring or not. It is difficult to determine that a teacher practices subtractive schooling or is against subtractive schooling. Cultural reproduction involves â€Å"schools, teachers, and curricula viewed as mechanisms of ideological control that work to reproduce and maintain dominant beliefs, values, norms, and oppressive practices† (Leistyna, 1995). Often when students communicate in Spanish with Ms. Mendez, she responds in English. For example, when Kimberly shared about what she did the day before, Ms. Mendez replied in English. It was a simple conversation that both Kimberly and Ms. Mendez can engage using Spanish, but Ms. Mendez prefers to use English to respond to Kimberly. This demonstrates Ms. Mendez’s privileging English over Spanish. When she responds in English, she implicitly suggests that English has more value than Spanish, thus she only speaks English to them. When Ms. Mendez responds in English and not in Spanish, students may assume that English should be used and not Spanish. In this case, we clearly see that student’s cultural knowledge, which is Spanish, are va lued less than English in the classroom. Almost all students in the class understand Spanish, yet Ms. Mendez chooses to use English. This incident demonstrates that English is the preferred language in the classroom. It would appear that authentic caring and social reproduction are at different ends of the spectrum. Someone that authentically cares would not â€Å"reproduce and maintain dominant beliefs, values, norms, and oppressive practices† (Leistyna, 1995). Ms. Mendez presents us with a paradox as I believe she is authentically caring and at the same time engaging in cultural reproduction. Valenzuela defines â€Å"authentic caring as â€Å"connection, unconditional love, and a comprehensive apprehending of â€Å"the other† (157). Valenzuela also points out that the â€Å"best teacher †¦loves Mexicans and the Spanish language that we speak† (157). Ms. Mendez display â€Å"authentic caring† by connecting to her students’ lives outside of the classroom. She often asks students about their life at home and she also tries to connect her lessons to her students’ everyday lives. For instance, in a lesson about friendship, students were to wri te a letter to their friends at home. Also, they were able to share their home experiences with the class. This demonstrates the connections from the classroom to students’ lives at home. In another example, once or twice a week, Ms. Mendez writes a personal card to students to read at home with their parents, thus Ms. Mendez is promoting connections with classroom to students’ homes. Her students witness her sending cards home to their parents thus, she is trying to involve parents in their students’ learning. In addition to sending cards home, Ms. Mendez makes an effort to call home when one of her students had missed school for a day or two. She shows concern when students do not show up to school. Furthermore, in her use of English and support for students’ developing language skills, Ms. Mendez displays â€Å"caring† because she is providing her students English skills that will help them succeed in the dominant culture or culture of po wer. In addition, Ms. Mendez is also empowering the students by allowing them to learn the dominant language, giving them a chance to be in power. Valenzuela refers to subtractive schooling as the way schools are organized to subtract resources from students† (Valenzuela, 1999). One way that teachers can subtract students’ resources is to take away their ability to speak their home language. Ms. Mendez often responds in English to her students. She uses Spanish to teach in rare occasions, such as, when students have a hard time understanding a lesson. By speaking to her students in English, Ms. Mendez is taking away her students’ opportunities to communicate with her in their home language. Bourdieu’s concept of â€Å"cultural capital† refers to â€Å"different forms of cultural knowledge, such as language, modes of social interaction, and meaning, are valued hierarchically in society† (Leistyna et al., 1995). In this case, Ms. Mendez deemphasizes her students’ cultural capital by not responding in Spanish and not promoting the use of Spanish in the classroom. It is true th at students should learn the dominant language which is Standard English, but their use of Spanish should not be restricted. Students should be in an environment where both English and Spanish are used, rather than excluding one language over another. Students should be able to use both languages to promote their learning. Vygosky’s theory states that students come to school with prior knowledge from their experiences (Hertsch, 1985). This prior knowledge includes their home language. Given the student’s prior knowledge, Ms. Mendez can expand and teach from there. The line is not very clear for subtractive schooling in the case of Ms. Mendez. It is not easy to categorize if Ms. Mendez demonstrates subtractive schooling or not because her actions shows both categories. Ms. Mendez practices subtractive schooling yet at the same time she allows her students to speak Spanish to gain more knowledge, thus they are using their cultural capital. Instead of correcting or reminding the students to use only English in her classroom, Ms. Mendez opts to allow her students speak in their preferred language. In fact, I have never witnessed her correcting or reminding her students to use English in the classroom. She allows students to use Spanish to translate for other students and allows for conversations between students to be in Spanish. In addition, when students have difficulties understanding a lesson that Ms. Mendez taught in English, she would work with the student individually, using Spanish to help her students understand better. Ms. Mendez uses the student’s home language when necessary to strengthen their understanding in class. Ms. Mendez is a teacher that authentically cares for her students yet because of the structure of schooling, she may not respond to students in Spanish, thus she is forced to undercut her authentic caring. It is difficult to show that one cares when you are in a structure that often forces you to follow their policies. Unintentionally, Ms. Mendez practices subtractive schooling where she takes away the students’ home language as she puts an emphasis on the use of English because she feels obliged to follow the school’s policies. Ms. Mendez has the intentions of providing students with tools to survive in the dominant culture, but she is forced to undercut her authentic caring by teaching only in English. Her intentions can be expanded by providing a bilingual education environment where students are able to use their home language and English. Research shows that bilingual education helps students to â€Å"study subject matter in their first language while their weaker language skills catch up† (Durkin, 1995). There are many ways that bilingual education can play a major role in student’s learning. For example, Ms. Mendez can use concurrent translation where an explanation is given in both the students’ primary language (Spanish) and in English during the same lesson (Durkin, 1995). Furthermore, the amount of each language used is also important in determining subtractive schooling. In her classroom, Ms. Mendez can use English for 70% of the time and use Spanish for 30% of the time . This way, Spanish is not completely excluded in the classroom. References 1. Durkin, D. B. (1995). Language Issues: Readings for Teachers. White Plains N.Y.: Longman. 2. Hertsch, J. (1985). Vygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 3. Leistyna, P. et al. (1995). Breaking Free: The Transformative Power of Critical Pedagogy. Cambridge: Harvard Educational Review. 4. Valenzuela, Angela. Subtractive Schooling: U.S.-Mexico Youth and the Politics of Caring. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999. Research Papers on Spanish in the ClassroomStandardized TestingAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementPETSTEL analysis of India

Living with Diabetes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Living with Diabetes - Case Study Example Elizabeth who lives in United Kingdom is helped by the National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded health care system of England; the National Health Service (NHS) is not to be confused with the other three national health systems operating in the United Kingdom which are responsible to their own governments and have developed under differing legislation. All four services collectively operate without general discrimination toward citizens from each others areas. The NHS provides the majority of healthcare to Elizabeth, from general practitioners to hospitals, long-term healthcare, thus helping her cope with her diabetes. The National Health Service Act was passed in 1946 and came into effect on 5 July 1948; subsequently it has become an integral part of British society, culture and everyday life: the NHS was once described by Nigel Lawson, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, as "the national religion". Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used only by a small percentage of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. As the reforms continue to change the way the NHS works, NHIS is able to offer new insights into its performance. It is a uniquely powerful and cost-effective resource for those who need to understand, interpret and exploit these events - from pharmaceutical companies developing their marketing strategies, to patients needing to be aware how the system works. Elizabeth often also uses the Diabetes UK Careline as a further source of information for people with diabetes and it receives around 50 000 enquiries a year. The Careline number is 0845 120 2960 and it is open Monday to Friday from 9am until 5pm (a translation service is available) with recorded information available 24 hours a day. As well as offering information to people on a wide range of subjects, Careline also offers support through talking with a trained counsellor . Calls to Careline allow Elizabeth to identify gaps in currently available information, and to then fill them. We have found this to be particularly true around the subject of diet--by far the most requested topic of information. This can be as simple as producing quick question-and-answer style responses to topics that the media has generated interest about, to developing a more detailed information resource, such as the weight management pack, which deals with many of the issues that callers to Careline, both lay and professional, have raised. Like most people who get their information on diabetes from the media, the internet or the man next door, this often means that the information they receive is distorted or even dangerous, Elizabeth too was affected by this but her problems were taken care of by the Careline. A particular issue is the myth around 'mild diabetes' or 'a touch of sugar', which many callers to Careline cite as their particular problem. Because diabetes has been couched in these terms, many people fail to realise the seriousness of their condition and think that they only have to avoid sugar in their diet (another popular misconception). Psychosocial factors

Package design and the consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Package design and the consumer behavior - Essay Example Other markets who might in the past have been scathing about the marketing profession and its contribution are being forced to take notice of research that suggests that 'people really do make the difference in choice of noodles'(Marchington and Wilkinson, 2002). Before the discussion is going any further, it is crucial to get the same understanding about the Consumer Behaviour itself. According to a small number of sources, Consumer Behaviour studies the process of a buying decision of customer (in group or personage). Basically put, it tries to understand What, Who, When, Where, and Why they consume a product or service. Behavioural patterns have many important implications, both theoretical and practical, for virtually all kinds of Buyer practices including product analysis, purchase, selection, training, development, performance appraisal, compensation, and even company relations (Werner, 2000; cited by Tsaur and Lin, 2004). With the dynamic environment, undoubtedly, each firm attempts to study and understand the consumer behavior due to businesses stay in business by attracting and retaining customers (Arnould, Price & Zinkhan, 2002, p6). As the vital consumer decision-making unit, family are most regularly examined by many marketers because decision making by family differs in many ways from decisions made by an individuals. According to Hawkins, greatest, and Coney, the term of family decision making is the method by which decisions that straight or circuitously engage two or more family members are made (Hawkins, Best & Coney, 1998, p195). Generally, dissimilar motivations and diverse family l ife cycles will cause unusual decision making process. In the meantime, with the different decision making procedure, the dissimilar members of family would play a variety of roles and directly influence the consequence of decision. The Stimulus-Response Model of Buyer Behaviour Sales Presentation Buyer's Hidden Mental Process Sale/No Sale If we analyze then we may know that in the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior, Marketing Stimuli (make up of the marketing mix- product, price, place, and endorsement) and Other Stimuli (such as the financial, technical, political, and educational environments) enter the customers "Black Box" and create certain responses. No doubt, marketers must try to work out what goes on in the "black box" where it can assist them to get better and offer the products and services that customers want. From the Figure 2.1, it can be seen that it has two fractions in the "black box". The first part is "Consumer Behavior" which control how buyers see and respond to the stimuli. The next part is "Consumer Decision procedure" which is the progression to find out what the buyers use to make a decision what buying behaviour is undertaken. Buying Behaviour When You Going To Buy Instant Noodle If we analyze then we come to know that Pot Noodle is a low price and low value product. Effectual branding and packaging is reliable by means of a product mix to meet a diversification of consumer needs. The product has a standing of a contemptible low excellence product this feature is overstated with the semiotic use of soft pornography. Marketers have incessantly promoted their product throughout marketing that associates

Journal Review Essay Example for Free

Journal Review Essay The article authored by Lloyd and Craig (2007) describes important factors to consider when collecting a patient’s history.   The rationale behind the procedure is based on the increase in the responsibilities of nurses, which now includes taking the histories of patients.   The assessment of every patient is based on several components, of which medical history plays an essential part.   In addition to a patient’s history importance, the collection of this information by a nurse allows the establishment of a relationship between the patient and the healthcare professional. The article discussed in fine detail the critical stages of patient history taking.   In order to prepare for the collection of information, a nurse should be aware that a patient could come from various environments and show different medical conditions and thus respect plays a critical role the assessment of the patient condition.   The cultural and religious beliefs of every patient may be different and thus a nurse should be competent enough in recognizing such differences.   The importance of privacy and confidentiality is also important in this procedure. Communication skills are also important when taking the history of a patient.   The nurse should also be capable of listening to the answers of the patient.   It is also important to get the consent of the patient to disclose any information pertinent to the assessment of his medical condition.    History-taking also involves an appropriate order of questioning the patient and this generally starts with a question regarding the patient’s identity and then asking what his chief complaint is.   The precise details of the complaint will also influence the choices of diagnostic procedures that will be performed.   The article also enumerated the cardinal symptoms that are important to consider when taking a patient’s history. a. What was done well and what could have been improved in the article? The article was done well because it discusses in length all the important aspects of the topic such as the structure and order of the history-taking process and the list of symptoms that should be checked upon presentation of the patient at the hospital. b. Why did this article interest you? Or did it fail to interest you? The article is interesting because it critically presents the process of history taking and how it could influence the diagnosis and procedures that would be conducted in the hospital.   The article is important because nurses should be aware that history taking is a critical process that should be performed in a standard way in order to fully cover all important aspects of patient assessment. c. Does the material presented in the article relate to you or your area of practice? Yes, the material presented in the article related to me and my area of practice and that I have learned essential points on how to handle the responsibility of collecting information from a new patient. d. Was the health assessment strategy beneficial? Could you adopt it in your practice? Yes, the health assessment strategy is beneficial because I can now follow a better procedure in taking a patient’s history.   I will definitely adopt the important points of this article to my practice in order to better serve the patients. e. Was the health assessment strategy explained clearly? The health assessment strategy was explained clearly and specific examples were also provided that fully clarified any questions that I might have. f. Should more research/articles be written about this area of health assessment? I think that articles of this kind should be written and read because this will effectively help healthcare professionals in improving their skills in taking care of patients. g. What population or individuals does this article apply to (i.e.: who will benefit the most from this article)? Patients will definitely benefit from this article because these are the individuals that healthcare professionals take care of, and this is strongly influenced by the interactions that take place between the two parties.   Knowledge on the proper approaches to history taking will allow healthcare professionals, especially nurses, to perform this task in the most professional way.

Pacific Oil Essay -- Business Analysis

The Pacific Oil Company was formed in 1902 and had been the leader in the manufacturing of a petroleum product Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM). This product was Pacific Oil's major product line and was the main component to the manufacturing of plastics, used in many products. In 1979, Pacific Oil had landed a major contract with reliant and had over the years establish a great working partnership. The Reliant Corporation was one of Pacific’s largest and most valued customers and Pacific Oil Company wanted to renegotiate their current contract with the Reliant Corporation, with the goal of extending before it expired. Pacific’s negotiation team, Jean Fontaine, Marketing Vice President for Europe with Paul Gaudin, Marketing Manager of VCM along with representatives Frederick Hauptmann, Senior Purchasing Manager and Egon Zinnser, Regional VP for European operation from The Reliant Corporation, where to spend nearly two year working through the extension of the contract. In the end, the contract settlement was down to a final item that Pacific was not happy about, that may my then loose the extension altogether. Facing Hard Times Pacific Oil company was facing some economic changes over the next 10 years and the demand for its VCM was going o face some fierce competition. In the next 20 - 30 months other VCM manufactures will be producing the raw product to compete directly with Pacific Oil Company. The supply of the product over the next decade was expected to grow by over 1000 MM pounds each year, nearly doubling that as each year progressed. This poses a massive threat to Pacific oil as it negotiates its contracts only five years our and is now being pressured by Reliant to only extend their contract by three years. Reliant was... ...ine and Gaudin was going to present. Reliant had done their homework on their demands, potential softness of the market and was preparing themselves adequately to be able to deal with any changes. Pacific was not as prepared at the negotiation table as Reliant, and was eventually backed into a corner on a single item in the renewed control, the option for Reliant to re-sale any VCM product they have left over. The was a major oversight on the final advice from Kelsey in securing a huge customer and giving them time in further analysis the demand and impact that the new manufacturers would cause. Reference Lewicki, R. J., Saunders, D. M., & Barry, B. (2010). Negotiation Readings, Exercises and Cases (6th ed.). New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill. Lewicki, R. J., Saunders, D. M., & Barry, B. (2011). Essentials of Negotiation (5th ed.). New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.

Reluctance to Enter the War Essay

The American population in the late 1930’s was very self focused for several reasons. Many had come through World War One and it’s aftermath. The economy was still in a depressed state. There was a sincere lack of faith in the Government being able to handle anything outside of our borders. There was a perception that there was little about the situation in Europe that impacted the people in the United States. Each of these reasons in varying degrees impacted the feelings of reluctance about entering another conflict on far off shores. World War One was fresh on many people’s minds in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s. That war impacted many individual lives and families in the United States. Most people remembered fathers or brothers that did not return home or were injured in that war. Much of what the United States government tried to do after the war in international relations failed. There was a perception that we were out of our league when it came to international relations. Our own economy was in the throws of a national depression. People were focused on personal and immediate survival needs. Several farm families had been uprooted in the mid west and were living in near homeless conditions on the west coast. Unemployment was at an all time high. Soup lines were still long. Neighbors and families were introverted in meeting immediate needs and not overly concerned with another foreign dispute. Faith in government was not very high in this period of our history. Franklin D. Roosevelt was still popular and people still had hope. Delivery of political promises was something the people had not seen much of. What they wanted the government to do was focus on American needs – not other nations wants. Although what was going on in Europe was perceived as negative for those in Europe. Many did not feel it impacted our own lives in the United States to any great degree. As a nation were not only had an isolationist policy – we had an isolationist attitude. Our perceptions of the hostile actions around the world would only be changed if they impacted our own shores. That perception remained strong until early December 1941.

Alive An Observation Of Small Group Communication

Alive: An Observation of Small Group Communication On October 13, 1972, flight 571 crashed in the Andes carrying a rugby team along with its family and friends. Out of the 45 passengers and crew members, there was a total of 29 fatalities. Over the course of 72 days, people either died due to weather, injury or an avalanche leaving only 16 survivors. This group of people had to turn to desperate measures including cannibalism in order to survive. Their will to survive and strength to motivate each other is one many conclude as a miracle. How one may ask a group of people survived in the Andes for 72 days? The answer is communication. The film Alive (1993) directed by Frank Marshall recalls the events that happened on those mountains in 1972. In this event, the goal was to survive no matter what it takes. Through group communication, group development, and leadership, we can further observe that this small group successfully achieved their goal. Group Communication Group communication, according to Engleberg, â€Å"is the interaction of three or more interdependent members working to achieve a common goal† (pg. 3). In this film, the remaining 16 survivors worked together to achieve a common goal; survival. Working towards a goal is no easy task. A group consists of components, which make it necessary to function. These components include: members, goals, work, interaction, and interdependence. Members and interaction go hand in hand. The more the members, the more theShow MoreRelatedApproaches to Environment Education1570 Words   |  7 Pagesareharmfulto the environment and other living creatures while only a small number of changes are beneficial to the environment. Once any changes in the environment ismade it cannot be undone. 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